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Thus far our GCGH/VCTR project has collectively produced nearly 60 scientific publications!


2006


Van der Goes van Naters, W. and Carlson, J. (2006) Insects as chemosensors of humans and crops, Nature 444, 302-307. 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108954?ordinalpos=52&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum


2007


Odor Coding in the Maxillary Palp of the Malaria Vector Mosquito Anopheles gambiae.  T. Lu*, G. Wang*, YT. Qiu,* J.Y. Young*, M. Rutzler, H.W. Kwon, R. J. Pitts, J. J.A. van Loon, J. R. Carlson, W. Takken, and L. J. Zwiebel.  Current Biology (2007) Sept. 18; 17(18): 1533-1544. Epub 2007 Aug 30.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17764944?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum


Attractiveness of MM-X traps baited with human or synthetic odor to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in The Gambia. Qiu, Y-T., Smallegange, R.C., ter Braak, C.J.F., Spitzen, J, van Loon, J.J.A., Jawara, M., Milligan, P., Galimard, A.M., van Beek, T.A., Knols, B.G.J. & Takken, W. (2007) The Journal of Medical Entomology 44, 970-983.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18047195?ordinalpos=6&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum


2008


The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Olfactory Behavior in Anopheles gambiae Larvae. Yuanfeng Xia*, Guirong Wang*, Daniela Buscariollo, R. Jason Pitts, Heidi Wegner and L. J. Zwiebel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (2008) Apr 29;105(17):6433-8. Epub 2008 Apr 21.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18427108?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum


3-D flight behaviour of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. inside an odour plume. Beeuwkes, J., Spitzen, J., Spoor, C.W., van Leeuwen, J.L. & Takken, W. (2008) Proceedings of Experimental and Applied Entomology, N.E.V., Amsterdam 19,137-146.

http://www.ent.wur.nl/UK/Publications/


Structural design affects entry response of mosquitoes in olfactometers. Verhulst, N.O., Takken, W. & Smallegange, R.C. (2008) Proceedings of Experimental and Applied Entomology, N.E.V., Amsterdam 19, 129-136.

http://www.ent.wur.nl/UK/Publications/


Effect of human odours and positioning of CO2 release point on trap catches of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. in an olfactometer. Spitzen, J., Smallegange, R.C. & Takken, W. (2008) Physiological Entomology 33, 116-122.

http://www.ent.wur.nl/UK/Publications/


Establishment of a large semi-field system for experimental study of African malaria vector ecology and control in Tanzania. Ferguson HM, Ng'habi KR, Walder T, Kadungula D, Moore SJ, Lyimo I, Russell TL, Urassa H, Mshinda H, Killeen GF, Knols BG. Malaria J. 2008 Aug 20;7(1):158

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715508?ordinalpos=25&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum


3-D flight behaviour of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. inside an odour plume. Beeuwkes, J., Spitzen, J., Spoor, C.W., van Leeuwen, J.L. & Takken, W. (2008) Proceedings of Experimental and Applied Entomology, N.E.V., Amsterdam 19,137-146.

http://www.ent.wur.nl/UK/Publications/


Evaluation of two counterflow traps for testing behaviour-mediating compounds for the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. under semi-field conditions in Tanzania. Schmied, W.H., Takken, W., Killeen, G.F., Knols, B.G.J. & Smallegange, R.C. (2008) Malaria Journal 7:230    DOI:10.1186/1475-2875-7-230

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18980669?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=11


Structural design affects entry response of mosquitoes in olfactometers. Verhulst, N.O., Takken, W. & Smallegange, R.C. (2008).  Proceedings of Experimental and Applied Entomology, N.E.V., Amsterdam 19, 129-136.

http://www.ent.wur.nl/UK/Publications/


The suitability of clay pots for indoor sampling of mosquitoes in an arid area in northern Tanzania. Bijllaardt, W. van den, Braak, R. ter, Shekalaghe, S., Otieno, S., Mahande, A., Sauerwein, R., Takken, W. & Bousema, T. Acta Tropica 111, 197-199. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.04.003


2009


Limitation of using synthetic human odors to test mosquito repellents. Okumu, F., Titua, E., Mbeleyela, E., Killeen, G. & Moore, S. Malaria J. 2009 Jul 7;8:150.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19583848?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=2


Optimising odour baited trap methods for collecting mosquitoes during the malaria season in The Gambia. Jawara, M., Smallegange, R.C., Jeffries, D., Nwakanma, D.C., Awolola, S., Knols, B.G.J., Takken, W. & Conway, D.J. PLoS One 4:e8167.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19997640?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=2


Cultured skin microbiota attracts malaria mosquitoes. Verhulst, N., Beijleveld, H., Knols, B.G.J., Takken, W., Schraa, G., Bouwmeester, H.J. & Smallegange, R.C. Malaria Journal  Dec.17 ;8(1):302.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20017925?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=2


The effect of aliphatic carboxylic acids on olfaction-based host seeking of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae). Smallegange, R.C., Qiu, Y.T., Bukovinszkiné Kiss, G., Van Loon, J.J.A. & Takken, W. J Chem Ecol. 2009 Aug;35(8):933-43. Epub 2009 Jul 23 .

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19626371?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=5


Olfactory perception: receptors, cells, and circuits.

Su, CY, Menuz, K, Carlson JR Cell 2009 Oct 2;139(1):45-59.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19804753?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=2


Effectiveness of synthetic versus natural human volatiles as attractants for the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu stricto. Smallegange, R.C., Knols, B.G.J. & Takken, W.   Journal of Medical Entomology 47 (3) 329-337.

http://esa.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/2010/00000047/00000003/art00007


Olfactory physiology of blood-feeding vector mosquitoes. Qiu, Y.T. & van Loon, J.J.A.  In: Takken W & Knols BGJ (ed.) Ecology and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases. Vol. II.

www.WageningenAcademic.com/ecvd-01


Host-seeking behaviour of mosquitoes: responses to olfactory stimuli in the laboratory. Smallegange, R.C. & Takken, W. In: Olfaction in Vector-Host Interactions. Ecology and control of vector-borne diseases Vol. 2. Takken, W. & Knols, B.G.J., eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 143-180.

www.WageningenAcademic.com/ecvd-01


Using nylon strips to dispense mosquito attractants for sampling the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Okumu, F., Biswaro, L., Mbeleyela, E., Killeen, G., Mukabana, R., & Moore, S. J. Med. Entomology 47(2): 274-82.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20380310


Development and field evaluation of a synthetic mosquito lure that are more attractive than humans. Okumu, F.O., Killeen, G.F., Ogoma, S., Biswaro, L., Smallegange, R.C., Mbeleyela, E., Titus, E., Munk, C., Ngonyani, H., Takken, W., Mshinda, H., Mukbana, W.R., & Moore, S.J. PLoS One 5(1): e8951.

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008951


3-D tracking of flying Anopheles gambiae s.s. malaria mosquitoes in response to human odours and heat. Spitzen, J., Spoor, K.W., Grieco, F., Beeuwkes, J., Kranenbarg, W., Van Leeuwen., J.L., Noldus, L.P.J.J., Van Brugge, S.P. & Takken, W. Journal of Experimental Biology


Anopheles gambiae TRPA1 is a heat activated channel expressed in thermosensitive sensilla of female antennae. Guirong Wang*, Yu Tong Qiu, Tan Lu, HW Kwon, R. Jason Pitts, Joop J.A. van Loon, Willem Takken and L. J. Zwiebel. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2009 Sep;30(6):967-74. Epub 2009 Sep 4.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19735290


2010


Host-seeking behaviour of Afrotropical Anophelines: field and semi-field studies. Mukabana, W.R., Olanga, E.A. & Knols, B.G.J. (2010) In: Olfaction in Vector-Host Interactions. Ecology and control of vector-borne diseases Vol. 2. Takken, W. & Knols, B.G.J., eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 181-202.   doi: 10.3920/978-90-8686-698-4


Chemical ecology of interactions between human skin microbiota and mosquitoes (2010) Verhulst, N.O., Takken, W., Dicke, M., Schraa, G. & Smallegange, R.C. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 74: 1-9.  doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00908.x


Molecular Regulation of Olfaction in Mosquitoes. J. Bohbot, T. Lu and LJ Zwiebel. In: Olfaction in Vector-Host Interactions. Ecology and control of vector-borne diseases Vol. 2. Takken, W. & Knols, B.G.J., eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 17-38. doi: 10.3920/978-90-8686-698-4


Odourant reception in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Allison Carey, Guirong Wang, Chih-Ying Su, Laurence J. Zwiebel, and John R. Carlson. (2010) Nature 464, 66-71.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20130575


Attraction of Anopheles gambiae to odour baits augmented with heat and Moisture. Olanga, E.A., Okal, M.N., Mbadi, P.A., Kokwaro, E.D. and W.R. Mukabana, 2010, Malaria Journal.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20051143?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=1


The Molecular Basis of Odor Coding in the Malaria Vector Mosquito Anopheles gambiae.  Guirong Wang1, Allison Carey2, John R. Carlson2 and Laurence J. Zwiebel (2010) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 2;107(9):4418-23. Epub 2010 Feb 16.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20160092


Scent of a Human, J. Carlson and A. Carey, Scientific American, 305, 76-79.Also appeared as: Der Duft der Menschen, Spektrum der Wissenschaft, 34-38.; Le Moustique, expert en odeur humaine, Pour la Science; El olfato de los mosquitos, Investigacion y Ciencia, 68-71. 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21717963


Differential Attraction of Malaria Mosquitoes to Volatile Blends Produced by Human Skin Bacteria. Verhulst, N.O., Andriessen, R., Groenhagen, U., Bukovinszkiné Kiss, G., Schulz, S., Takken, W., Van Loon, J.J.A., Schraa, G., & Smallegange, R.C. (2010)   PLoS One 5(12): e15829.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21209854


Distinct Olfactory Signaling Mechanisms in the Malaria Vector Mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Chao Liu*, R. Jason Pitts*, Jonathan D. Bohbot, Patrick L. Jones, Guirong Wang and Laurence J. Zwiebel.  PLoS Biology, (2010) 8(8): e1000467 doi:10.1371/ journal.pbio.1000467.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20824161


2011


Temporal coding of odor mixtures in an olfactory receptor neuron.  Su, C.-Y., Martelli, C., Emonet, T. and J. Carlson (2011), PNAS 108, 5075-5080.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383179


Conservation of Indole Responsive Odorant Receptors in Mosquitoes Reveals an Ancient Olfactory Trait.  Jonathan D. Bohbot*, Patrick L. Jones*, Guirong Wang*, R. Jason Pitts, Gregory M. Pask and Laurence J. Zwiebel.  Chemical Senses (2011) Jan; 36(2):149-60. Epub 2010 Oct 18.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20956733


A Research Agenda for Malaria Eradication: Vector Control. The MalERA Consultative Group on Vector Control Alonso PL, Besansky NJ, Burkot TR, Collins FH, Hemingway J, James AA, Lengeler C, Lindsay S, Liu Q, Lobo NF, Mnzava A, Tanner M, Zwiebel LJ. PLoS Medicine (2011) 8(1): e1000401 doi:10.1371/ journal.pmed.100041.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21311587


Functional Agonism of Insect Odorant Receptor Ion Channels. Patrick L. Jones, Gregory M. Pask, David Rinker and Laurence J. Zwiebel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, PNAS 2011; published ahead of print May 9, 2011, doi:10.1073/pnas.1102425108.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21555561


Improvement of a synthetic mosquito lure using compounds produced by human skin bacteria. Verhulst, N.O., Mbadi, P.A., Bukovinszkiné Kiss, G., Mukabana, W.R., Van Loon, J.J.A., Takken, W. & Smallegange, R.C.  (2011) Malaria Journal 10:28.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/213034


Behavioural responses of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto to components of human breath, sweat and urine depend on mixture composition and concentration. Qiu, YT, Smallegange, R.C., van Loon, JJA & Takken, W. (2011) Medical and Veterinary Entomology 25: 247-255.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21108650

 

Human skin microbiota and their volatiles as odour baits for the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s.. Verhulst, N.O., Mukabana, W.R., Takken, W. & Smallegange, R.C. (2011)  Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 139: 170-179.  doi: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01119.x


Sweaty skin: an invitation to bite? (2011) Smallegange, R.C., Verhulst, N.O. & Takken, W. Trends in Parasitology 27: 143-148.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256083


Heteromeric Anopheline Odorant Receptors Exhibit Distinct Channel Properties. Gregory M. Pask, Patrick L. Jones, Michael Rützler, David Rinker and Laurence J. Zwiebel. PLoS ONE (2011) 6(12): e28774. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028774.

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0028774


2012


Novel high-throughput screens of Anopheles gambiae odourant receptors reveal candidate behaviour-modifying chemicals for mosquitoes. David C. Rinker, Patrick l. Jones, R. Jason Pitts, Michael Rützler, J. Gray Camp, Lujuan Sun, Pingxi Xu, David Weaver and Laurence J. Zwiebel, Physiological Entomology (2012) 37, 33-41.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2011.00821.x/abstract


Allosteric Antagonism of Insect Odorant Receptor Ion Channels.  Patrick L. Jones, Gregory M. Pask, Ian M. Romaine, Robert W. Taylor, Paul R. Reid, Alex G. Waterson, Gary A. Sulikowski and Laurence J. Zwiebel, PLoS ONE (2012) 7(1): e30304. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0030304.

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030304


Insect olfaction from model systems to disease control, Carey, A. and Carlson, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 108, 12987-12995.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21746926


Chemoreception:  Identifying friends and foes Koh, T.-W. and Carlson, J. Current Biology (2011) 2011 Dec 20;21(24):R998-9.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192835


Composition of Human Skin Microbiota Affects Attractiveness to Malaria Mosquitoes. Verhulst, N.O., Qiu, Y.T., Beijleveld, H., Maliepaard, C., Knigths, D., Schulz, S., Berg-Lyons, D., Lauber, C.L., Verduijn, W., Haasnoot, G.W., Mumm, R., Bouwmeester, H.J., Claas, F.H.J., Dicke, M., van Loon, J.J.A., Takken, W., Knight, R. & Smallegange, R.C. (2011) PLoS One 6: e28991. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028991.

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0028991


Identification of attractants and inhibitors for behavioural disruption of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae: laboratory and semi-field assays. Smallegange, R.C., Bukovinszkiné-Kiss, G., Otieno, B., Mbadi, P.A., Takken, W., Mukabana, W.R. & van Loon, J.J.A. Physiological Entomology (2012) 37: 60–71.   DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3032.2011.00827.x


Spatial repellents: from discovery and development to evidence-based validation. Nicole L Achee, Michael J Bangs, Robert Farlow, Gerry F Killeen, Steve Lindsay, James G Logan, Sarah J Moore, Mark Rowland, Kevin Sweeney, Steven J Torr, Laurence J. Zwiebel and John P Grieco, Malaria Journal, 2012 May 14;11:164.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22583679


Structure-Activity Relationship of a Broad-Spectrum Insect Odorant Receptor Agonist.  Robert W. Taylor, Ian M. Romaine, Chao Liu, Poornima Murthi, Patrick L. Jones, Alex G. Waterson, Gary A. Sulikowski and Laurence J. Zwiebel, ACS Chemical Biology 2012 Oct 19;7(10):1647-52. doi: 10.1021/cb300331z. Epub 2012 Aug 27.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22924767


The Molecular Receptive Range of an Enantio-selective Lactone Receptor in Anopheles gambiae. Gregory M. Pask, Ian M. Romaine and Laurence J. Zwiebel, Chemical Senses, first published online September 2, 2012 doi:10.1093/chemse/bjs074.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22944613


Montague, S., Mathew, D., and Carlson, J.  (2011) Similar odorants elicit different behavioral and physiological responses, some super-sustained  J. Neuroscience 31, 7891-7899.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=montague%20s%20carlson%20j


Su, C.-Y., Menuz, K., Reiser, J. and Carlson J.   Non-synaptic inhibition between grouped neurons in an olfactory circuit, Nature 2012 Nov 21. doi: 10.1038/nature11712. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=carlson%20jr%20reisert%20j


Field Testing of Different Chemical Combinations as Odour Baits for Trapping Wild Mosquitoes in The Gambia. Jawara, M., Awolola, T.W., Pinder, M., Jeffries, D., Smallegange, R.C., Takken, W., & Conway, D.J. (2011) PLoS ONE 6(5): e19676.   doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019676.

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0019676


A novel synthetic odorant blend for trapping of malaria and other African mosquito species. Mukabana, W.R., Mweresa, C.K., Otieno, B., Omusula, P., Smallegange, R.C., Van Loon, J.J.A. & Takken, W.  (2012) Journal of Chemical Ecology 38:235-244.  DOI 10.1007/s10886-012-0088-8.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22426893


Mosquitoes as potential bridge vectors of malaria parasites from non-human primates to humans.  Verhulst, N.O., Smallegange, R.C. & Takken, W. (2012) Frontiers in Physiology 3: 197. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00197.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22701434


Evaluation of low density polyethylene and nylon for delivery of synthetic mosquito attractants. Mukabana WR, Mweresa CK, Omusula P, Orindi BO, Smallegange RC, van Loon JJ, Takken W. Parasit Vectors. 2012 Sep 19;5:202. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-202.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22992518


2013


Host preferences of blood feeding mosquitoes. Takken, W. & Verhulst, N.O. (2013) Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58:433–53. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153618


Blockade of Insect Odorant Receptors with Amiloride Derivatives. Gregory M. Pask, Yuriy V. Bobkov, Elizabeth A. Corey, Barry W. Ache and Laurence J. Zwiebel, Chemical Senses.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23292750


Since 2005 the Zwiebel Lab has been privileged to lead a broad international network of five laboratories (encompassing Yale University, New Haven, CT; Wageningen University, The Netherlands; ICIPE, Kenya; The MRC Laboratories, The Gambia) that has been selected for a $11M Grand Challenge In Global Health (now renamed Vector Based Control of Transmission, VCTR) grant for the specific purpose to target odorant receptors in order to design a new generation of mosquito repellents and attractants. Together with colleagues at the Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology we are engaged in using state of the art molecular and chemical approaches that target AgOR/AaORs in order to design a new generation of mosquito repellents and attractants that would foster the design of novel programs that target chemosensory pathways and the behaviors they control in vector mosquitoes. These may also include behavioral disruption programs based on specific inhibitors (aka “confusants”) of OR-mediated olfactory pathways as well as the identification and intelligent design of novel and economically synthesized mosquito attractants and repellents. This approach could be extended to other mosquito vectors as well where reductions in host seeking (through the use of confusants or repellants) could potentially effect disease transmission by targeting adult vectorial capacity. Attractants may be incorporated into novel mosquito management strategies, these include: lures to increase the efficiency of traps for sentinel monitoring of vector populations and insecticide-laden mosquito trapping systems for population reduction; augmentation of insecticide-treated net (ITN)-based strategies as well as otherwise enabling innovative insect/disease control strategies that focus on disrupting and/or taking advantage of vector-host interactions.


For more information on the Grand Challenges Program of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Foundation for the NIH, go to:


http://www.grandchallenges.org/Pages/Default.aspx


http://www.fnih.org/work/key-initiatives/grand-challenges-global-health


http://www.grandchallenges.org/ControlInsect/Challenges/ChemicalStrategy/Pages/default.aspx


http://www.fnih.org/work/key-initiatives/vector-based-control-transmission-discovery-research-vctr


http://www.grandchallenges.org/ControlInsect/Challenges/ChemicalStrategy/Pages/AnophelineResponses.aspx